Nitrogen is an essential part of every dayting organism. Vital Organic Compounds for LIFE LIKE LIKE AMINO Acids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Association Nitrogen. Nucleoside Triphosphats, The Molecular Precursors to DNA and RNA Also Contain Nitrogen BasesJaipur Stock. Interestingly, in Spite of Nitrogen Highly AbundantIn Atmosphere, it cannot be directly used by the most of the living organisms dayd, Rogen to behave almost like an ins. It must combine with some other elements to form more functionalCompounds like ammonia, nitrate or nitrite which can be directly used by living organisms. The process is called nitrogen fixation [1]. Pheric Pressure Portable Catalytic Air Plasma System for Fixation of Nitrogen in the form of aqueous no2−and no3Zfertilizer in high concentration.
In nature, nitrogog, nitrogen gets fixed by bacteria like azotobacter, Archaea ETC. Through Special Catalytic Process Driven by Enzymes. It Also Gets Fixed Natural Lightning, and Also Via Symbiotic Relationship Between Termites and FUNGI [2]. However, These Natural Procases Are AwfullyINSUFFINT to MEET The DEMAND of Growing Population of the World [3,4,5,6]. At present, DRASTICALLY POPULAL POPULATION Heavily Depends On the Ially Fixed Nitrogen.
Over A Century, Numbers of Efforts Have Been Made to Industrially Fix Nitrogen Into Reactive Nitrogen Compounds Through Number of Dist into PROCESSES TO Agriculturturting yields. Most Successful Industrial Attempts in Nitrogen Fixation Include The Birkeeland – Eyde (B -E) PROCESS [7,8, 9,10,11], The F Faro (F -C) [12] Process and the Haber-Bosch (H –b) Process [12,13,14].Calcium Cyanamide and H-B Process Produces Amonia as the Form of Reactive Nitrogen. While B-E Process WAS Inustourly Use Time, It is Grad Ully Phaset Out Due to the Invention of the More Efficient Haber-Bosch Process. In B-E Process, While The PlasmaReactor takes the Major Part of the Investment, The Absorption Towers Contribute Significantly Towards The Capital and Operational ExpenditureJaipur Wealth Management. DECENTRALIZABLE and Cannot Be Run with Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources. In F -CALCIUM Carbide Reacts with Nitrogen Gas at About 1000° C to Produce Calcium Cyanamide (nitrolime). The process stands as the first industrial technology to fix Atmospheric nitrogen.
At present, nitrogen is almost exclusively fixed through H-B Process. Although, it is the function and the most efficient industry indecent ATION TILL DATE, It Associates Some Major Operational and Environmental Issues [15,16,17]. The process usersFOSSIL-DRIDED HYDROGEN, Results in ENORMOUS Carbon Footprint, Requires Very High Temperature (> 400 ° C), Very High Pressure (> 200 Bars), TOO MUCH of Energy (~ 2% of GL Obal Energy Requirement) for the Synthesis, Generates Millionsof Tons of Greenhouse Gas (CO2) Per Year and Cannot Accommodate The Intermittency of Renewable Energy Sources [3]. It used HESSIL Fuels and Hence Not Sustainable In T he long run. It Involves Transportation and Distribution Cost as the Process is Not Decentralizable Due to to toRequirement of Heavy Installations Related to high Tempeature and High Pressure. NEVERTHESS, H-B PROCESS Still Continues to Be the Primary Means to Support the Everr -Growing Popuration on Earth [16, 17].
Presently, Plasma Catalysis Based NonThermal Plasma ProcessSses Form An Active Field of Research in the AREA OF Decomposition of Volatile Organic Commpounds, l of tar’s, nox conventions, co2 splitting, h2s removal, nh3 synthesis, nh3 decomposition etc. [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,26,27,27,28,29]. Related Studies are mostly confined with the cold non-thermal dbd kind of plasma. Alyst are mutually influencing each other isa Major Conclusion of the Studies. While Similar STUDIES Are Significantly Limited in the Area of thermal Plasma, Y. S. Jin Jin C. Cho [30] Reported Of Plasma Activated Water USING A Hybrid Mode Combining thermal and Non-thermal Plasma. As a thermalPlasma Source, Gas-Jet Assisted Under Water Pulled Discharge was used and Coaxial DBD WAS Adopted as the NonThermal Plasma Source. ED, Reported Synthesis Rate was not very attractive. A Thorough Review of ConTemporary Global Development Reveals that Insignificant Production RateIs OF the Major Ishes for Industrial Acceptability and Meaningful DEPLOYMENT in Actual Agricultual Application of the Reported Lab Scale Developments. LIDING ARC Discharge is Also used as the Means to Synthesize Nox [18]. USEd State of the Plasma IS in Between Thermal and Non-Thermal and Termed as Warm Plasma. Achieved High Electron Density (~ 1020/M3) Result In Efficient Nox Production. However, Inherner Limitations In the Design Could Not Achieve a Commercially Deplayable Synthesis Rate. It has ben estimated that only 15% ofThe Gas Passes Through The Plasma Arc and the Rest of the Gas Practical Leactor Without Coming in Touch the Plasma [18]. ASED Compact Portable ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CATALYTIC SYSTEM, Reported in this Article Offers the Advantages of Single-STEP Fast High Throughput Synthesis of Nitrate and Nitrite Under Nascent As Compared To Other Reported Catalytic Processes Involving Cold Plasma.
In Most of the Invented Processses, The Important Factors Deterring Practical Application Include High Capital Investment Cost, Poor Scalability, DIFFICult DE -Centralizability, Poor Compactness, Long Start-up and Shutdown Time, Multi-Step Nature of Process, Inability to OPERATE with IntermittentRenewable Energy and Poor Synthesis Rate [15,16,17]. To Address the Critical Issues with Industrial FITROGEN, A Potential Avenue Tried by the. chers is the user of catalyst [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. The Present Study AdOPTS this route and reports remarkable enhancement in the nitrogen fixation using a SPECIAL CATALYST of TRANSITION Metals. While it is commit for nox to get absorbed in water hno2 or hno3, It is the rate of snthesis and the overall effect of the process that eventually matters.
Although Plasma Catalysis Has Been Investigated Extensively in Other Areas, The Same for Nox Production is Significantly Limited and the Process is not well dertood. Nevertheless, Plasma-Based Catalysis Appears to Be Promising and Gaining Rapid Momentum in Recent Time [19,20,21, 22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. Performed Experimental, Theoretical and Computational Studies are still, G MeChanisms Involution. High Energy Species Produced in a Plasma Discharge May ProvideRequired Dissociation or Activation Energy to the ReactAnts Allowing the Desired Reactions to Happy. Ions for the targets. Also, Plasma Can Auto-EnHance Throughput By Removing Impurities from the Catalyst Surface, As Well As Dispersingreactants over the exposed Surface Facilitation Desired Reactions to Happy. Some Synergistic Effects Plasma and the Catalyst Also Play gnificant role. With the present level of theoretical and experimental undertnds, it is not cleanher the observation effects are?The Catalyst or Due to change in the thermo-pHYSICAL Properties of the Plasma. It is only Suspect that the catalytic activity have " by the Plasma Induced Reactive Intermediations, Change in Surface Chemistry, Changes in the Physical Morphology, OR BY PLASMA-Duced Electric Field or DeFects. NEVERTHESS, Plasma Driven Catalysis The Potential To Replace Metal Catalysts by Cheap Metals Towards Enhanced I ndustricity acceptability. While the activation of n2 and o2 may take place in the plasma phase, the catalyst may constribute tower oxidation ofNo to no2 Through Reaction with Surface Adsorbed Nascent O Species. The Presence of Reactive Plasma Species, Like Electrons, Ions, ExCited Atoms, Andica LS Has the Potential to Offer Better Energy Efficience, Reduced Capital Cost, And Extended Catalyst Lifetime. To UndersTand Novelty of the Used Catalytic Method in the Present Study, It is Important to Understand The State of the Art In a catalasis, spiecific to nitrogen fixation.
Mehta et al. [19] DemonStrated that vibrationally excited n2 May adsorb onto a catalyst that binds nitrogen related weakly, Resulting in ratements. Metals T Hat Bind Nitrogen Less Strongly Should Have Smaller Activation Barriers for Hydrogenation. Jing Sun Et.al.] Reported That Structured TIO2 Support by 5% Graphene Oxide (G) May Improve Nox Surface Association. Action Pathways Involved Three-Body Interaction Between NO2, NO3 and the Background Gas. Reactive Species, Including Nitrogen and Oxygen AtomsAnd No Radicals, Adsorb on the Surface and Contribute to the Production of Larger Nox Molecules Like N2O5. ducing aqueous no3 and no2. Patil et.al. [21, 22] Investigated nox product inA DBD Reactor Packed with Different Catalyst Materials (α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3, TIO2, MGO, TATIO3, and Quartz Wool) And Found Best Results with A γ-Al2O3 . Plasma Catalytic Synthesis of AMMONIA USING Functionalized Carbon Coatings [23], And Catalytic Decomposition [24, 25] Are Also Investigated.
It has been reported in a fluidized bed reactor that the user of wo3 as catalyst doubles the nitrogen rate operation to the processes userd Plasma Alone [26]. For WO3/Al2O3 Combination Significant Improvement. Smallest particle: offered the Highest Nox Concentration and the best Energy Efficience to Larger Surface Area. The cactivitytivity of microporous O Alumino Phosphat (SAPOS) Crystals Has Been Investigated for Assisted Plasma Synthesis of Amonia in Non-theermal Atsespheric Barrier GE(DBD) [27] And Found to be effective. Many Researchers Have Attempted use of metals and metal oxides as catalyst for synthesis [22, 28]. IC Effects Between Plasma and the Catalyst Also Have Been Proposed, Although the ResultsAre inconClusive. It is not cleanher the observation effects are due to the efficiencyst or due to the change in the thermo-pHYSICAL Property ASMA.
It is hypothesized that the vibrationally excited n2 molecules may undergo disasorption on the catalytic Surface [29]Pune Investment. The Atomic Nitrogen MA Y React with Surface Oxygen, Forming No Upon Desorption. Electronic Structure Calculation Suggests that Such DissocialKing of N2 Via Vibrational orElectronic Excitation May Be Much Lower in Oxides Compared to Metals. As oxides are much less to disabled to metals, the sticking propabability of N2 on oxides is ever lower. So, most of the colorISISIONS of Activity N2 Molecules with the oxideSurface Led to Energy Relaxation Instead of N2 DISSOCIATION [29].
A Potential Limitation of the USE of Catalyst Is that It May Promote Reverse Decomposition Reaction UNDER ELEVATED TEMPERAN. UCT is very much needed to prevent such possibilities. In order to obtain high connection of nox in thermal plasma process, Rapid COOLINGis allSARY So that the synthesized product does not undergo thermal disSociation. Under thermal Plasma Environment, The No Production Route is Expected T O associate vibrational action as well as electron-impact initiated reactions [29].
Sustainable Agriculture Through Fossil-Free Amonia Is Absolutely TECESSARY for Enhanced Stability in The Frtilizer Price and Food Price. On Fossil Energy that Plays The Major Role Behind Food Price Volatility [31,32,33]. The Present Study Reports thermalalPlasma Based Compact Portable Catalytic System for Fast Synthesis of Nitrate and Nitrite. SPECIALTY to Previously Reported Studies The Use Of Combination of Transition Metal Catalyst and the Application of thermal Plasma, Produced from Atmospheric Air and Water as the Activation Media. It. ItOffers the Advantages of Single-STEP High Throughput Synthesis Under Nascent Plasma Condition with Minimal Waste Production as Compared to TRADITIONAL WET Istry processes. Significantly lowER Capital Investment, Small-SCALE Decentralized Fertilizer Production, Easy Applicability and Composition to Work Th Intermittent Renewable Energy Source,Independent of Fossil Fuel Carry Substantial Potential. ON-site Production of Nitrate and Nitrite Fertilizer USISPHERIC N2 Andre Availing Ant H2o on Earth as Feed Stocks Eliminates the Emission of Co2, as Well As Drasticly Reduces Costs Association with Raw Material, Transport of FeedStocks and Frtilizer Distribution. Fast Synthesis, OperaBility with Renewable Energy, Zero Co2 Emission, Feasible Small-SCALE Distribuction and ESS Capital Investment Are the Key Attractive Features of the Developed Process.Agra Stock
WHILE NON-thermal Plasma has ben primarily using investigations [34,35,36,37,38] In Synthesis of Nox and subsequent nitrogen, comparison of e Nergy Consumption for Nox Production in Various Plasma Reactors Indicates that Maximum Nox Concentration is AchievableThrough dc theermal Plasma Arcs [39]. Gliding Arc, that Falls in the Category Between thermal and Non-theermal Plasma ben experimented for the Purpose by Number. of Researches [18] And it has Obserfd to be highly invicient as more than 80% of the gas passes through the reactor with tour touching the plasma.
MOST of the Industrial Nitrogen FIXATION METHODS Are Based on the Ammonia Route. A Primary isSue, often oversight, is the face that ammonia bebing gaseous, more an 50% of the Applied Fertilizer Nutrians Simply Gets Lost to the Atmosphere. Practically, it is only 17% of the Applied Nitrogen in the Frtilizer that Finally Gets Use by the Agricultual Products [40]. And Severly Hamper Biodivers.
In super support, the invented compact portable thermal plasma process, Capable of Getting Powered Through Renewable Energy PROVE TO EFFECTIVE AND ABLE. This is more so due to use of Air and Water as the only resources and zero co2 emission. Simply Energy CostPer University of Synthesized Fertilizer May Not Be the Correct Metric to Judge the Potential Atachness of the Invented Technology. Onomic Competitiveness, APPROPRIATE INCENTIVES NEED to Be Accounted for ENVIRONTAL IMPACT Relage Carbon FOOT PRINTIONAL PRICTIONAL PRICTIONAL [41, 42]..
It may be pointed out that nitrates are usually reported in two different ways in lineure: (I) Concentration of nitrate, Meas themuding by the nitrate Ion (NO3−) and (II) he amount of nitrogen present in the nitrate Ion. in the latterCase the concentration is usually metioned as nitrate nitrogen (no3−-n). Care has taken to meetrity units in the reported cases as applicable.
Sect. n Plasma activated water "presents the Ion chromatography quantification of no2− and no3− Ions in Plasma ActivityWater. Sect. Advantages and USEFULNESS TOWARDS DIRECT AGRICULTURAL Application Are Presented in Sect. CATION ".PROCESS, Evolution of Tempeature and Species are presented in sect. ND Conclusions are presentd in sect.
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